Great essay.
Does the Salvadoran experience add a cautionary note? MS-13 and Barrio 18 had largely carved up many regions of El Salvador into de facto gang rule (TAZ’s) where they imposed renta and often provided rudimentary public services as part of their gang rule, until Bukele imposed a state-sovereignty-level state of exception that wiped them out, and which has been very popular with the the majority.
1/18/2026, 1 engagement